DIVISION II. RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER IV. EFFECTIVE AND VALID PUBLICATION
SECTION 2. CONDITIONS AND DATES OF VALID
PUBLICATION OF NAMES
Article 37
37.1. Publication on or after 1
January 1958 of the name of a new taxon of the rank of genus or below
is valid only when the type of the name is indicated
(see Art. 7, 8,
9, 10; but see
Art. H.9 Note 1 for the names of certain hybrids).
37.2. For the name of a new
species or infraspecific taxon, indication of the type as required by
Art. 37.1 can be achieved by reference to an entire gathering, or part
thereof, even if it consists of two or more specimens as defined in
Art. 8 (see also Art. 37.7).
Ex. 1. When Cheng described "
Gnetum cleistostachyum"
(in Acta Phytotax. Sin. 13(4): 89. 1975) the name was not validly published because two gatherings
were designated as types:
K. H. Tsai 142 (as "
C Typus") and
X. Jiang 127 (as "
X Typus").
Note 1. When the type is indicated by reference to a gathering
that consists of more than one specimen, those specimens are syntypes (see
Art. 9.4).
Ex. 2. The protologue of
Laurentia frontidentata E. Wimm. (in Engler, Pflanzenr. 108: 855. 1968) includes the type statement
"
E. Esterhuysen No. 17070!
Typus - Pret., Bol." The name is validly published because a single
gathering is cited, despite the mention of duplicate specimens (syntypes) in two
different herbaria.
37.3. For the name of a new genus
or subdivision of a genus, reference (direct or indirect) to one
species name only, or the citation of the holotype or lectotype of one
previously or simultaneously published species name only, even if that
element is not explicitly designated as type, is acceptable as
indication of the type (see also Art. 22.6;
but see Art. 37.6). Similarly, for the name of a new species or
infraspecific taxon, mention of a single specimen or gathering (Art.
37.2) or illustration (when permitted by Art. 37.4 or 37.5), even if that
element is not explicitly designated as type, is acceptable as
indication of the type (but see Art. 37.6).
Ex. 3. "
Baloghia pininsularis" was published by Guillaumin (in Mém. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Bot. 8: 260. 1962) with two cited gatherings:
Baumann 13813 and
Baumann 13823. As the author failed
to designate one of them as the type, he did not validly publish the
name. Valid publication was effected when McPherson & Tirel (in Fl.
Nouv.-Caléd. 14: 58. 1987) wrote "Lectotype (désigné ici):
Baumann-Bodenheim 13823 (P!; iso-, Z)" while providing a full and direct reference to Guillaumin's Latin description
(
Art. 45.1; see
Art. 46 Ex.
9); McPherson & Tirel's use of "lectotype" is correctable to "holotype" under
Art. 9.8.
Note 2. Mere citation of a
locality does not constitute mention of a single specimen or gathering.
Concrete reference to some detail relating to the actual type, such as
the collector's name or collecting number or date, is required.
Note 3. Cultures of fungi and algae preserved in a
metabolically inactive state are acceptable as types (
Art. 8.4; see also
Rec. 8B.1).
37.4. For the purpose of this Article, the
type of a name of a new species or infraspecific taxon (fossils excepted: see Art. 8.5)
may be an illustration prior to 1 January 2007, on or after which date, the type must be a specimen (except as provided in Art. 37.5).
37.5. For the purpose of this Article, the type of a name
of a new species or infraspecific taxon of microscopic algae or microfungi (fossils excepted:
see Art. 8.5) may be an effectively published illustration if there are technical difficulties
of preservation or if it is impossible to preserve a specimen that would show the features
attributed to the taxon by the author of the name.
37.6. For the name of a new taxon
of the rank of genus or below published on or after 1 January 1990,
indication of the type must include one of the words "typus" or
"holotypus", or its abbreviation, or its equivalent in a modern
language (see also Rec. 37A). In the case of the name of a new genus or subdivision of a genus that is monotypic (as defined in Art. 42.2), indication of the type of the species name is sufficient.
37.7. For the name of a new
species or infraspecific taxon published on or after 1 January 1990 of
which the type is a specimen or unpublished illustration, the single
herbarium or collection or institution in which the type is conserved
must be specified.
Ex. 4. In the protologue of
Setaria excurrens var.
leviflora Keng
ex S. L. Chen (in Bull. Nanjing Bot. Gard. 1988-1989: 3. 1990) the gathering
Guangxi Team
4088 was indicated as "模式" (Chinese for "type") and the herbarium where the type is conserved
was specified as "
中国科学院植物研究所" (Botanical Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, i.e. PE).
Note 4. Specification of the herbarium or collection or institution may be made in an abbreviated form, e.g. as given in
Index herbariorum, part I, or in the
World directory of collections of cultures of microorganisms.
Ex. 5. When 't Hart described
"Sedum eriocarpum subsp.
spathulifolium"
(in Ot Sist. Bot. Dergisi 2(2): 7. 1995) the name was not validly published because no
herbarium or collection or institution in which the holotype specimen was conserved was
specified. Valid publication was effected when 't Hart (in Strid & Tan, Fl. Hellen. 2: 325. 2002)
wrote "Type ... 't Hart HRT-27104 ... (U)" while providing a full and direct reference to his
previously published Latin diagnosis (
Art. 45.1).
37A.1. The indication of the
nomenclatural type should immediately follow the description or
diagnosis and should include the Latin word "typus" or
"holotypus".
(c)
2006, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. This page last updated
13.03.2007
.
