ÿþ<html><head> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"> <html> <head><title>INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE online</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="styly.css"> </head> <body> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"> <tr> <td width="100%" bgcolor="#000066"> <a href="http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/iapt/index_layer.php"><img border="0" src="head_iapt.jpg" align="left" width="748" height="40"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"> <span class=nadpis>INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE</span>&nbsp;<span class=nadpis1> online</span></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="100%"><small><span class=linky>&nbsp;<a href="Contents.htm">contents</a>&nbsp; |&nbsp; <a href="0117SubjIndx.htm">subject index</a>&nbsp; | <a href="0118IndexScfNames.htm">index to scientific names</a>&nbsp; |&nbsp; <a href="0120AppendixVII.htm">glossary</a>&nbsp; |&nbsp; <a href="contacts_for_the_english_electro.htm">contact</a>&nbsp; |&nbsp; <a href="http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/iapt/s_regnumvegetabile.php">regnum vegetabile</a>&nbsp; </span></small></td> </tr> </table> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%" bgcolor="#FFECD9"> <tr> <td width="100%" align="right"> <div> <a href="../main.htm"><small>frameset version</small></a></div></td> </tr> </table> <a name="top"></a> <div align="right"><a href="0035Ch4Sec1a031.htm" alt="back"><img src="back1.gif" border="none" width="20" height="19"></a> <a href="0037Ch4Sec2a033.htm" alt="forward"><img src="next1.gif" border="none" width="20" height="19"></a></div> <h1>DIVISION II. &nbsp;RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS<BR /> CHAPTER IV. EFFECTIVE AND VALID PUBLICATION<br /> SECTION 2. CONDITIONS AND DATES OF VALID PUBLICATION OF NAMES</h1> <h2>Article 32</h2> <p><span class=white>32.1.</span> In order to be validly published, a name of a taxon (autonyms excepted) must: <span class=white>(a)</span> be effectively published see Art. <a href="0033Ch4Sec1a029.htm">29</a>, <a href="0034Ch4Sec1a030.htm">30</a>, <a href="0035Ch4Sec1a031.htm">31</a>) on or after the starting-point date of the respective group (<a href="0017Ch2Sec4a013.htm">Art. 13.1</a>); <span class=white>(b)</span> be composed only of letters of the Latin alphabet, except as provided in <a href="0027Ch3Sec4a023.htm#23.3.">Art. 23.3</a> and <a href="0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#60.4.">Art. 60.4</a>, <a href="0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#60.6.">60.6</a>, <a href="0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#60.9."> 60.9</a>, and <a href="0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#60.10.">60.10</a>; <span class=white>(c)</span> have a form which complies with the provisions of <a href="0020Ch3Sec1a016.htm">Art. 16</a>, <a href="0021Ch3Sec1a017.htm">17</a>, <a href="0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm">18</a>, <a href="0023Ch3Sec2a019.htm">19</a>, <a href="0024Ch3Sec3a020.htm">20</a>, <a href="0025Ch3Sec3a021.htm">21</a>, <a href="0026Ch3Sec3a022.htm">22</a>, <a href="0027Ch3Sec4a023.htm">23</a>, <a href="0028Ch3Sec5a024.htm">24</a>, <a href="0029Ch3Sec5a025.htm">25</a>, <a href="0030Ch3Sec5a026.htm">26</a>, <a href="0031Ch3Sec5a027.htm">27</a> (but see <a href="0025Ch3Sec3a021.htm#21.4.">21.4</a> and <a href="0028Ch3Sec5a024.htm#24.4.">24.4</a>), and <a href="0074AppendixINoHa006.htm"> Art. H.6</a> and <a href="0075AppendixINoHa007.htm">H.7</a>; <span class=white>(d)</span> be accompanied by a description or diagnosis or by a reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis (except as provided in <a href="0046Ch4Sec2a042.htm#42.3."> Art. 42.3</a>, <a href="0048Ch4Sec2a044.htm">44.1</a>, and <a href="0077AppendixINoHa009.htm">H.9</a>); and <span class=white>(e)</span> comply with the special provisions of <a href="0037Ch4Sec2a033.htm">Art. 33</a>, <a href="0038Ch4Sec2a034.htm">34</a>, <a href="0039Ch4Sec2a035.htm">35</a>, <a href="0040Ch4Sec2a036.htm">36</a>, <a href="0041Ch4Sec2a037.htm">37</a>, <a href="0042Ch4Sec2a038.htm">38</a>, <a href="0043Ch4Sec2a039.htm">39</a>, <a href="0044Ch4Sec2a040.htm">40</a>, <a href="0045Ch4Sec2a041.htm">41</a>, <a href="0046Ch4Sec2a042.htm">42</a>, <a href="0047Ch4Sec2a043.htm">43</a>, <a href="0048Ch4Sec2a044.htm">44</a>, <a href="0049Ch4Sec2a045.htm">45 </a>(see also <a href="0066Ch7OaGoNSec1a61.htm"> Art. 61</a>). </p> <p><span class=white><a name="32.2.">32.2.</a></span> A diagnosis of a taxon is a statement of that which in the opinion of its author distinguishes the taxon from other taxa. </p> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex1">Ex. 1.</a></span> <i> "Egeria"</i> (Néraud in Gaudichaud, Voy. Uranie, Bot.: 25, 28. 1826), published without a description or a diagnosis or a reference to a former one, was not validly published. </div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex2">Ex. 2</a>.</span> "<i>Loranthus macrosolen</i> Steud." originally appeared without a description or diagnosis on the printed labels issued about the year 1843 with Sect. II, No. 529, 1288, of Schimper's herbarium specimens of Abyssinian plants; the name was not validly published, however, until Richard (Tent. Fl. Abyss. 1: 340. 1847) supplied a description. </div> <div class=ex><span class=white> <a href="0036Ch4Sec2a032.htm#" onClick="javascript: window.open('aster.htm','hViezda','menubar=no,resizable=no,scrollbars=no,height=200,width=600'); return false;">*</a>&nbsp;<a name="ex3">Ex. 3.</a></span> In Don, <i> Sweet's Hortus britannicus,</i> ed. 3 (1839), for each listed species the flower colour, the duration of the plant, and a translation into English of the specific epithet are given in tabular form. In many genera the flower colour and duration may be identical for all species and clearly their mention is not intended as a validating description or diagnosis. New names appearing in that work are therefore not validly published, except in some cases where reference is made to earlier descriptions or diagnoses or to validly published basionyms. </div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex4">Ex 4.</a></span> <i>"Crepis praemorsa </i>subsp. <i>tatrensis"</i> (DvoYák & Dadáková in Biológia (Bratislava) 32: 755. 1977) appeared with "a subsp. <i>praemorsa </i>karyotypo achaeniorumque longitudine praecipue differt". This statement specifies the features by which the two taxa differ but not how these features differ and so it does not satisfy the requirement of Art. 32.1(d) for a "description or diagnosis".</div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex5">Ex. 5.</a></span> The generic name <i>Epilichen </i>Clem. (Gen. Fungi 174. 1909) is validly published with the two-word diagnosis "Karschia lichenicola", referring to the ability of the included species formerly included in <i>Karschia </i>to grow on lichens. This statement, in the opinion of Clements, distinguished the genus from others although provision of such a diagnosis would not be considered good practice today.</div> <p><span class=white><a name="32.3.">32.3.</a></span> The requirements of Art. 32.1(d) are not met by statements describing properties such as purely aesthetic features, economic, medicinal or culinary usage, cultural significance, cultivation techniques, geographical origin, or geological age.</p> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex6">Ex. 6.</a></span> "<i>Musa basjoo</i>" (Siebold in Verh. Bat. Genootsch. Kunsten 12: 18. 1830) appeared with "Ex insulis Luikiu introducta, vix asperitati hiemis resistens. Ex foliis linteum, praesertim in insulis Luikiu ac quibusdam insulis provinciae Satzuma conficitur. Est haud dubie linteum, quod Philippinis incolis audit Nippis". This statement gives information about the economic use (linen is made from the leaves), horticultural attribute (scarcely survives the winter), and on its origin (introduced from the Ryukyu Islands), but since there is no descriptive information given for the "leaves", the only descriptive feature mentioned, it does not satisfy the requirement of Art. 32.1(d) for a "description or diagnosis". <i>Musa basjoo </i>Siebold & Zucc. ex Iinuma was later validly published in Iinuma, Sintei Somoku Dzusetsu [Illustrated Flora of Japan], ed. 2, 3: pl. 1. 1874 with floral details and an extensive description in Japanese on the page facing the plate.</div> <p><span class=white><a name="32.4.">32.4.</a></span> When it is doubtful whether a descriptive statement satisfies the requirement of Art. 32.1(d) for a "description or diagnosis", a request for a decision may be submitted to the General Committee (see <a href="0068DivIIIProvfGovoCode.htm">Div. III</a>), which will refer it for examination to the committee for the appropriate taxonomic group. A recommendation whether or not to treat the name concerned as validly published may then be put forward to an International Botanical Congress, and if ratified will become a binding decision.</p> <p><span class=white><a name="32.5.">32.5.</a></span> For the purpose of valid publication of a name, reference to a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis may be direct or indirect (Art. 32.6). For names published on or after 1 January 1953 it must, however, be full and direct as specified in <a href="0037Ch4Sec2a033.htm#33.4."> Art. 33.4</a>. </p> <p><span class=white><a name="32.6.">32.6.</a></span> An indirect reference is a clear (if cryptic) indication, by an author citation or in some other way, that a previously and effectively published description or diagnosis applies. </p> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex7">Ex. 7.</a></span> <i> "Kratzmannia"</i> (Opiz in Berchtold &amp; Opiz, Oekon.-Techn. Fl. Böhm. 1: 398. 1836) was published with a diagnosis but was not definitely accepted by the author and therefore was not validly published. <i> Kratzmannia</i> Opiz (Seznam: 56. 1852), lacking description or diagnosis, is however definitely accepted, and its citation as "<i>Kratzmannia</i> O." constitutes indirect reference to the diagnosis published in 1836. </div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex8">Ex. 8.</a></span> Opiz published the name of the genus <i> Hemisphace</i> (Benth.) Opiz (1852) without a description or diagnosis, but as he wrote "<i>Hemisphace</i> Benth." he indirectly referred to the previously effectively published description by Bentham (Labiat. Gen. Spec.: 193. 1833) of <i> Salvia</i> sect. <i> Hemisphace</i>. </div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex9">Ex. 9.</a></span> The new combination <i> Cymbopogon martini</i> (Roxb.) Will. Watson (1882) is validly published through the cryptic notation "309", which, as explained at the top of the same page, is the running-number of the species (<i>Andropogon martini</i> Roxb.) in Steudel (Syn. Pl. Glumac. 1: 388. 1854). Although the reference to the basionym <i> Andropogon martini</i> is indirect, it is unambiguous (but see <a href="0049Ch4Sec2a045.htm#ex1"> Art. 45 Ex. 1</a>; see also <a href="0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#recC">Rec. 60C.2</a>). </div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex10">Ex. 10.</a></span> Miller (1768), in the preface to <i> The gardeners dictionary,</i> ed. 8, stated that he had "now applied Linnaeus's method entirely except in such particulars ...", of which he gave examples. In the main text, he often referred to Linnaean genera under his own generic headings, e.g., to <i> Cactus</i> L. [pro parte] under <i> Opuntia</i> Mill. Therefore an implicit reference to a Linnaean binomial may be assumed when this is appropriate, and Miller's binomials are then accepted as new combinations (e.g., <i> O. ficus-indica</i> (L.) Mill., based on <i> C. ficus-indica</i> L.) or <i> nomina nova</i> (e.g., <i> O. vulgaris</i> Mill., based on <i> C. opuntia</i> L.: both names have the reference to <i> "Opuntia vulgo herbariorum"</i> of Bauhin &amp; Cherler in common). </div> <div class=ex><span class=white><a name="ex11">Ex. 11.</a></span> Although no authors are cited for the names in Kummer's <i> Führer in die Pilzkunde</i> (1871) statements therein allow implicit reference to earlier authors such as Fries (see <a href="0037Ch4Sec2a033.htm#ex7">Art. 33 Ex. 7 </a>and Pennycook in <i>Mycotaxon</i> 84: 163-219, 2002). </div> <p><span class=white><a name="32.7.">32.7.</a></span> Names or epithets published with an improper Latin termination but otherwise in accordance with this <i> Code</i> are regarded as validly published; they are to be changed to accord with <a href="0020Ch3Sec1a016.htm"> Art. 16</a>, <a href="0021Ch3Sec1a017.htm">17</a>, <a href="0022Ch3Sec2a018.htm">18</a>, <a href="0023Ch3Sec2a019.htm">19</a>, <a href="0025Ch3Sec3a021.htm">21</a>, <a href="0027Ch3Sec4a023.htm">23</a>, and <a href="0028Ch3Sec5a024.htm">24</a>, without change of the author citation or date of publication (see also <a href="0065Ch7OaGoNSec1a60.htm#60.11."> Art. 60.11</a>). </p> <p><span class=white><a name="32.8.">32.8.</a></span> Autonyms (<a href="0010Ch2Sec1a006.htm#6.8.">Art. 6.8</a>) are accepted as validly published names, dating from the publication in which they were established (see <a href="0026Ch3Sec3a022.htm#22.3."> Art. 22.3</a> and <a href="0030Ch3Sec5a026.htm#26.3.">26.3</a>), whether or not they appear in print in that publication. </p> <p><span class=white><a name="32.9.">32.9.</a></span> Names in specified ranks included in publications listed as suppressed works (opera utique oppressa; <a href="0116AppendixV.htm">App. VI</a>) are not validly published. Proposals for the addition of publications to <a href="0116AppendixV.htm">App.VI</a> must be submitted to the General Committee (see <a href="0068DivIIIProvfGovoCode.htm">Div. III</a>), which will refer them for examination to the committees for the various taxonomic groups (see Rec. 32F; see also <a href="0018Ch2Sec4a014.htm#14.14."> Art. 14.14</a>). </p> <p><span class=white><a name="31.10.">32.10.</a></span> When a proposal for the suppression of a publication has been approved by the General Committee after study by the committees for the taxonomic groups concerned, suppression of that publication is authorized subject to the decision of a later International Botanical Congress. </p> <div class=note><span class=white><a name="note1">Note 1.</a></span> For valid publication of names of plant taxa that were originally not treated as plants, see <a href="0049Ch4Sec2a045.htm"> Art. 45.4</a>. </div> <h3><a name="recA">Recommendation 32A</a></h3> <p><span class=white>32A.1.</span> A name should not be validated solely by a reference to a description or diagnosis published before 1753. </p> <h3><a name="recB">Recommendation 32B</a></h3> <p><span class=white>32B.1.</span> The description or diagnosis of any new taxon should mention the points in which the taxon differs from its allies. </p> <h3><a name="recC">Recommendation 32C</a></h3> <p><span class=white>32C.1.</span> When naming a new taxon, authors should not adopt a name that has been previously but not validly published for a different taxon. </p> <h3><a name="recD">Recommendation 32D</a></h3> <p><span class=white>32D.1.</span> In describing or diagnosing new taxa, authors should, when possible, supply figures with details of structure as an aid to identification. </p> <p><span class=white>32D.2.</span> In the explanation of the figures, authors should indicate the specimen(s) on which they are based (see also <a href="0012Ch2Sec2a008.htm#recA">Rec. 8A.2</a>). </p> <p><span class=white>32D.3.</span> Authors should indicate clearly and precisely the scale of the figures which they publish. </p> <h3><a name="recE">Recommendation 32E</a></h3> <p><span class=white>32E.1.</span> Descriptions or diagnoses of parasitic plants should always be followed by indication of the hosts, especially those of parasitic fungi. The hosts should be designated by their scientific names and not solely by names in modern languages, the applications of which are often doubtful. </p> <h3><a name="recF">Recommendation 32F</a></h3> <p><span class=white>32F.1.</span> When a proposal for the suppression of a publication under Art. 32.9 has been referred to the appropriate committees for study, authors should follow existing usage of names as far as possible pending the General Committee's recommendation on the proposal. </p> <div align="right"><a href="0035Ch4Sec1a031.htm" alt="back"><img src="back1.gif" border="none" width="20" height="19"></a> &nbsp;<a href="#top" alt="top"><img src="up1.gif" border="none" width="19" height="20"></a> <a href="0037Ch4Sec2a033.htm" alt="forward"><img src="next1.gif" border="none" width="20" height="19"></a></div> <hr size="1" color="#336699"> <p style="line-height: 100%" align="center"><font size="1">(c) 2006, by International Association for Plant Taxonomy. This page last updated&nbsp; <!--webbot bot="Timestamp" S-Type="EDITED" S-Format="%d.%m.%Y" startspan -->13.03.2007<!--webbot bot="Timestamp" endspan i-checksum="12509" --> .</font></p> </body></html>